VPN is an abbreviation for Virtual Private Network. A Virtual Private Network allows to establish a safe and encrypted connection to access the public internet securely. VPN hides the user’s online identity by real-time encryption of the traffic sent or received over the internet. This makes a VPN more secure than a private WiFi hotspot.

How Does VPN Work?

In order to understand how VPN works, let us first understand the path followed by data when a user accesses the internet.

When a user sends a request to a website over internet, the data is sent or received via Internet Service Provider (ISP). Any request sent by the user is first redirected to the ISP server and then transmitted to the online service or website. Similarly, data sent by the website in response to the user request is first sent to the ISP server, which then sends it to the user. Thus ISP server has details pertaining to user’s identity, browsing history, online communications, etc. Hackers can also gain access to these details by targeting ISP servers.

VPN acts as a tunnel that bypasses ISP server. When user connects to internet via VPN, the traffic between the user and internet is sent via secure server of the VPN instead of the ISP server. VPN server acts as source server for the user. This can be understood in a stepwise manner.

1. User sends data to a website.
2. The data is received by the VPN server.
3. VPN server sends the data to internet.
4. Traffic received from internet is received by VPN.
5. VPN then serves the traffic to user.

As a result of the process, the user has no direct interaction with the internet. This keeps user’s identity and internet surfing history private. Additionally, VPN encrypts the traffic to ensure further security in case the server is hacked.

What Are The Uses Of VPN?

VPN can be used for a wide array of purposes:

1. Staying Anonymous Online: ISPs can keep an eye on your online activity including services or products you search for. This information holds high value on dark web. Using a VPN for online activity helps in keeping your credentials and online activity hidden and secured.
2. Ensure Security On Public WiFi: Public WiFi are not secured and lack data security configurations. Low security makes it easier for hackers to compromise the WiFi and eavesdrop on the traffic moving across the server. Using VPN when accessing internet over public WiFi helps in ensuring data and credentials security.
3. Data Security: Comparable to ISPs, many apps collect user data and sell it to marketing agencies. Using a VPN prevents apps from attributing data to user’s IP address, thus, ensuring data security.
4. Content Access: Content streaming platforms might publish some content for targeted locations only. For example, some shows might not stream outside US. However, users can use a VPN to mask their location and access geo-blocked content irrespective of their physical location.

To know more about VPN or how to securely browse internet, contact Centex Technologies. You can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

Broadly internet is classified into three layers, namely, the surface web, the deep web, and the dark web. Each of these layers represents a different level of accessibility and anonymity. From a cybersecurity perspective, it is important to know what you can do safely on the web by understanding these terms and knowing what they include.

Surface Web

It is estimated that the surface web comprises less than 4% of the entire internet. The surface web, often known as the visible web, is the section of internet that is accessible via search engines like Google and Bing. This covers all web pages that are indexed by search engines and content that is accessible to everyone. An example of surface web would be the common web pages that we see and browse every day (without signup), like Wikipedia.

Deep Web

The deep web is a part of the internet that is inaccessible to normal search engines. Deep web information is not indexed by search engines such as Google as they are restricted from reaching the content using various protocols. Individuals are also restricted from browsing the information unless they have a login (or special access) and/or know the precise path (URL). It is estimated that the deep web comprises approximately 90% of the whole internet.

Some examples of the deep web are:

• Login-required social media/messaging services
• Encrypted or password-protected online banking/financial information.
• Medical records and other sensitive personal data held in systems accessible only to authorized people
• Non-public court records and legal documents
• Private forums and discussion boards that require registration and identification
• Subscription-based streaming services like Netflix
• Non-public government databases and archives.

Dark Web

The dark web is a section of the deep web that is deliberately hidden and requires specific software and protocols to access. The dark web is frequently associated with illegal activity. Browsing the dark web can be dangerous and illegal. It can expose you to malicious code/malware and viruses that can affect your computer and other devices. People should be careful and use the best cybersecurity practices to protect themselves.

It's important to know the differences between these three layers of the internet because they have different levels of risks and opportunity. The surface web is usually safe and open to everyone. The deep web and dark web, on the other hand, can be more dangerous and require more safety precautions.

How To Safely Browse Internet

• Always use a reliable antivirus solution to protect your devices from viruses, malware, and other threats. It is also important to regularly update the antivirus software for protection from the latest threats which were not identified in earlier versions.
• Use strong and complex passwords that are difficult to guess.
• Keep your software and operating system up to date to have the most recent security fixes and features.
• Be cautious of unsolicited emails and social media posts. Never give your personal information or click on a link from unknown senders.
• Using a VPN service to browse internet can protect your online activity and encrypt your interactions.
• Avoid accessing sensitive information or making financial transactions on public Wi-Fi networks.
• Practice safe browsing by visiting sites that use SSL certificates.

Centex Technologies provides enterprise cybersecurity solutions. For more information on cybersecurity solutions for your business, contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

A Zero-Day Attack refers to a cyber security attack launched by exploiting a security vulnerability that has not yet been discovered by IT team yet. Zero-day attacks have emerged as a major cyber security challenge as there has been a significant increase in the number of zero-day attacks recently. 

Why Have Zero-Day Cyber Attacks Increased?

There are many reasons that contribute to an increase in the number of zero-day attacks.

1. Zero-day attacks can exploit security vulnerabilities at multiple levels such as in the code, configuration settings, and hardware. This widens the attack surface for the cyber criminals.
2. A global proliferation of available hacking tools is another major reason. Hacking tools are now easily available in the form of Software-as-a-Service package. This has facilitated cyber criminals to launch attacks at a rapid pace as soon as a vulnerability is detected without the need to code or fabricate attacking software.
3. Once a vulnerability is detected, the software developer has to review the code and replace the defective piece of code. This is time consuming which gives the cyber criminals an opportunity to exploit the vulnerability in the meantime.
4. After the software developer issues an update to patch the vulnerability, the users generally take time to download and install the updates. This allows hackers to exploit devices running on vulnerable software.

These technical challenges make it difficult to cope up with zero-day attacks. However, adopting some best practices in cyber security strategy can help prevent zero-day attacks.

Zero-Day Attack Prevention Best Practices

1. Well-Defined Perimeters: Identifying all the end-points connected to your organization’s network is the first step towards preventing vulnerability attacks on the devices. Now implement Endpoint protection platforms (EPP) and Endpoint detection and threat response (EDR) solutions to monitor/record user-behavior, identify malware, and block malicious scripts. To ensure efficiency of EPP and EDR solutions, it is important to lay down well-defined perimeters. 
2. Use Web Application Firewall: A Web Application Firewall (WAF) monitors and reviews all the traffic directed toward the web applications. When configurated efficiently, WAF plays a vital role in blocking malicious traffic by filtering it out and preventing the malware from exploiting any vulnerabilities. It ensures a quick response as WAF can be trained to adapt to real-time threats.
3. Deploy Multiple Security Controls: The vulnerabilities exploited by the zero-day attacks can expose devices and networks to multiple security breaches. Thus, it is important to deploy security controls which may include malware detection & prevention controls, firewalls, traffic filtering software, patch management, password & access management, and identity management solutions. 
4. Segmentize The Network: An organization uses multiple networks to perform its functions. Segmenting the networks allows the IT team to define different security controls suitable for the defined network. It also helps in containing the impact of an attack, if any, to a single network.
5. Anti-Bot Strategy: The majority of modern attacks rely on botnets. Botnets are networks of compromised machines connected to a hacker’s server by malware. If any vulnerability arises in the organization’s network, the compromised machines report it to the hacker’s server and hackers exploit the vulnerability to launch an attack. Implement an anti-bot strategy as a part of your cyber security routine. Make sure to inspect all machines or devices connected to the network to check if any of the devices have been compromised. Remove all the compromised machines from the network to mitigate the risk of an attack.

In addition to above mentioned best practices, make sure to follow cyber security hygiene including a regular update of software and hardware, password ethics, regular security inspection, etc.

You can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454 for advanced cybersecurity solutions for businesses. 

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Cyber security controls can be defined as the set of tools that help in prevention, detection, and mitigation of cyber crimes or threats. Cyber security controls can be broadly classified as administrative, physical, technical, and operational. Every set of controls deals with a specific threat vertical.

Different types of cyber security controls are:

1. Preventive controls
2. Detective controls
3. Deterrents
4. Corrective controls
5. Recovery controls
6. Compensating controls

In order to ensure effectiveness, every set of security controls needs to be employed efficiently. Once you have established a cyber security control strategy, it is advised to regularly test the efficiency of cyber security controls to find any misconfiguration. This helps refine the cyber security control implementation to improve the detection and prevention of cyber threats and recovery from cyber-attacks if any.

But, how can you measure the efficiency of cyber security controls?

There are numerous methods to assess security control efficiency. These methods can be classified based on their approach.

1. Indirect Assessment
2. Direct Assessment

Indirect assessment involves collecting data from sources such as perimeter servers, DNS configurations, etc., to analyze security risks likely to be faced by the organization.

Direct assessment involves testing and measuring the operations and configuration of security controls.

Let us delve deeper into methods to measure security control effectiveness:

1. Analyze Attack Surface: To understand the effectiveness of security controls, organizations first need to understand their attack surface. Attack surface refers to network backdoors that can act as entry path for cyber-attacks. The attack surface comprises exposed credentials, misconfigurations, vulnerabilities, etc.  Active Directory also constitutes a major part of the attack surface as it is one of the most desirable targets for cyber-attacks due to the important information it holds. The attack surface can be analyzed using diverse tools such as Endpoint Detection & Response tools, Extended Detection & Response tools, and Identity Threat Detection & Response tools. Gaining visibility throughout the network is the first step toward ensuring effective security controls.
2. Track Incident Response Times: One of the best ways to measure security control efficiency is to track cyber security violations or incidents. This can provide effective insight into how well the security controls are configured. Tracking the time between infestation and the first report against the problem, response time taken to fix the issue, steps taken to mitigate the issue, and if the incidents have been recurrent helps provide information about security control’s health. Additionally, check if the outcomes of the mitigation steps were favorable or not. This allows a fair analysis of effectiveness of security controls.
3. Check the Permissions: Assigning extensive access permissions to users can provide cyber criminals an opportunity to gain access to sensitive data. This makes it imperative to investigate the permissions granted to every user in the organization. Zero-Trust Architecture can help in mitigating this risk.
4. Analyze Detection Alerts: Fake alerts can deter the cyber security personnel and cause delay in detecting actual threat. Tracking False Positive Reporting Rate (FPRR) helps in improving the configuration of detection tools to ensure more accurate threat alerts. Incorporating AI and ML capabilities in the detection tools can make the detection controls more sensitive.

For complete cybersecurity solutions for your business, contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

In 2021, 5.7 million fraud reports were received by FTC and Identity Theft was the top fraud category followed by Imposter Scams. In an alarming survey, it has been reported that Americans incurred a loss of $5.8 billion from identity theft in 2021. (Source: https://identitytheft.org/statistics/)

What is Identity Theft & Why has It Emerged as A Big Threat?

Identity Theft or more popularly known as ID Theft is when someone steals the identity of victim and uses it to commit a fraud. This is very commonly linked with financial frauds such as taking credit or loans while there might be other reasons as well. Threat actors may also use stolen identity to hamper victim’s reputation.

There are many types of Identity Thefts:

1. Financial Identity Theft is the most common type of identity theft where threat actors use victim’s identity or financial information to buy products or take credit.
2. Social Security Theft is when threat actors get access to victim’s Social Security Number and use this information to apply for loans or receive benefits such as disability, free medical care, etc.
3. Synthetic Identity Theft is an advanced type of identity theft where the fraudsters combine information from stolen identity with fake information to build a new identity. This identity is then used to commit crimes such as money laundering.

Some other reasons for identity theft include filing fake tax returns, avoiding criminal conviction, etc.

Although identity theft has been a problem since long, but the threat has escalated many folds in recent times. There are many reasons that contribute to the increase in the number of identity theft cases.

1. Rise in Cyber Attacks: In earlier days, identity theft was made possible by stealing wallet, credit cards, or physical documents. But with increasing use of internet and digital resources, identity thieves now employ cyber attack techniques to gain access to personal & financial information of the victim. Phishing is one of the most commonly used methods where fraudsters send an email or message to the victim, posing to be a bank or tax official. The email or message is personalized to motivate the victim to click on the malicious link contained in the message. The link then navigates the victim to a spoof website where the victim is asked to provide personal and financial details. These details are sent to the threat actors. The ease of stealing the credentials has contributed to the rise in number of identity theft cases.
2. Social Media: Social media has become an alter-universe as more than 4.48 billion people use social media around the globe. It has become an inherent habit for users to share photos and videos from their daily life on social media. While this helps in staying connected with your friends & family, over sharing on social media has become a problem. The fraudsters track and analyze the social media posts of their victim to draw a daily activity map. Social media tags also let the fraudsters know about the victim’s friends, family, place of work, etc. This makes it very handy for them to build a fake identity of the victim and use it.
3. Saving Financial Information Online: Online shopping has become the new normal! While it is easy, it also adds to the threat of identity theft. It is common for users to save their credit card details, address, & personal information online to avoid the hassle of filling in the details every time. However, in case the server of online store is hacked, it can lead to the theft of these details.

For businesses, it is important to safeguard their customer and vendor information to prevent financial repercussions in case of data theft.

To know more about identity thefts and how to protect your business from cyberattacks, you can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

A firewall acts as the first layer of security against cyberattacks. It is a perimeter security device that is configured to monitor & analyze incoming and outgoing traffic. It either allows or blocks data packets based on the network configuration settings.

Although a firewall is an essential component of cyber security structure for any network, some cyberattacks manage to bypass the firewall and penetrate the network.

So how do hackers succeed in bypassing a firewall?

Let’s first understand how a firewall work.

To begin with, a firewall can be in the form of physical hardware or a configured software that runs on endpoint workstations or servers connected to a network.

1. Firewall has pre-configured rules that are used to differentiate malicious traffic from regular traffic.
2. The configuration rules may include the source of traffic, destination, content of data, permission requirements, etc.
3. All incoming or outgoing traffic is analyzed against the configuration rules.
4. The traffic adhering to set rules is allowed to pass through, while the traffic contradicting the configuration rules is blocked.

Now let’s understand what techniques hackers use to bypass a firewall.

1. Exploiting Older Versions: This method is particularly used to bypass older version firewalls that lack “deep packet inspection” or DPI features. DPI enables the firewall to monitor & analyze the incoming & outgoing data packets for malicious code. However, the lack of DPI features reduces the capability of a firewall to detect & block malicious traffic. Threat actors take advantage of this reduced capability & penetrate the firewall by sending phishing emails with a link to inject malicious code into the system.
2. IoT Devices: Large number of IoT devices connected to a network and difficulty in updating them make IoT devices highly vulnerable. This problem is enhanced by UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) feature of IoT devices that enables them to communicate freely with each other. Threat actors take advantage of the automated protocol implemented by IoT devices which allows them to bypass the firewall & connect to the router. Once the threat actors bypass the firewall, they use this path to deliver malware to the router & other devices connected to the WiFi.
3. Exploiting Outgoing Traffic: If a firewall is configured to monitor incoming traffic only, the threat actors can steal data & send it to their own server unnoticed. Some organizations use selective configuration & set rules that allow only outgoing traffic only via HTTP, HTTPS, & DNS protocols. This limits the problem but doesn’t act as a complete solution. The threat actors can still use DNS to move any data across the firewall, as the data moving out via DNS is not monitored or blocked.
4. Social Engineering Attacks: In a social engineering attack, hackers do not try to bypass the firewall. Instead, they gain legitimate access by posing as an allowed user to trick the employees. The hackers may pose as a system admin, a team member, or an IT support executive to gain remote access to the system and get past the firewall. This can be prevented by enabling multi-factor authentication to verify the identity of the person requesting access.
5. SQL Injection Attacks: Traditional firewalls such as network firewall, generally operates at the network, transport, & session layers. This keeps the application layer unmonitored & exposed to attacks that are designed to target the application layer, such as SQL Injection attacks. Attackers take advantage of application vulnerabilities to inject malicious code into the system & gain access to data such as login credentials, financial details, etc.
6. Misconfiguration: A misconfigured firewall offers an easy passage to hackers. This may happen when an organization makes infrastructure changes or sets highly permissive firewall rules. This lowers the capability of the firewall to identify and block malicious traffic.

To know more about cyber security solutions and how to protect your network from cyberattacks, contact Centex Technologies. You can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

Cloud environments have become the core of business operations. Cloud networks have helped in generating numerous new opportunities for businesses, including faster, cheaper, & robust application capabilities, team collaboration, and data storage & distribution. However, cybercriminals are also taking advantage of the increased use of cloud storage by exploiting vulnerabilities in the cloud. They use these vulnerabilities to gain access to the cloud network & steal user credentials, data, and application functions.

The increasing number of cyber attacks involving cloud networks has made it crucial for organizations to focus on cloud security. A cloud security solution helps in ensuring data integrity, confidentiality, & availability across public, private, and hybrid cloud environments deployed by an organization. In addition, a cloud security solution also assists an organization in ensuring compliance with laws & regulations emphasized across the industry.

Choosing the right cloud security solution is one of the major tasks when formulating a cloud security strategy for the organization. In general, an effective cloud security solution is one that is easily scalable, can detect & manage multiple & complex threats, and is easy to deploy.

Let us delve more into the important factors that a cloud security solution must address in order to be efficient.

1. Workload Visibility: The cloud security solution should provide deep and clear visibility of all the workloads running in the cloud environment of an organization. Thorough visibility at all times helps in the effective monitoring of the workloads and helps in reducing the risk of being exposed to cyber threats. It also helps in the early detection of vulnerabilities and intruding cyber threats. However, an important point to consider is that the cloud security solution should be able to maintain visibility even when new workloads are added to the cloud environment. In case new workloads are not monitored, they can be exposed to misconfigurations & vulnerabilities.
2. Advanced Threat Prevention: The cloud security solution must be able to detect and prevent known and zero-day vulnerabilities. With new vulnerabilities & threats emerging every day, this is one of the critical aspects of cloud security. The cloud security solution must have features such as deep traffic inspection and threat intelligence to ensure effective prevention. It should monitor incoming & outgoing traffic regularly and isolate any suspicious traffic until validation.
3. Seamless Integration: What is the point of deploying a security solution that is incompatible with your cloud environment? A cloud security solution can serve its purpose only if it integrates seamlessly with your cloud set-up, irrespective of whether it is a public, private, hybrid, or multi-cloud environment. The compatibility & effective integration helps in ensuring in-depth monitoring & data synchronization across the network while making sure that no workload runs in isolation.
4. Automation & Real-Time Detection: The amount of data being created, fast scalability of DevOps, and high speed of digital operations make it impractical to manually configure the cloud security solution while matching the pace of operations. If the security tools are not configured according to the processes running across the cloud network, they will not be able to monitor the operations in real-time. As a result, it can allow cyber criminals ample time to exploit the vulnerabilities of new workloads. Therefore, the solution needs to offer a high level of automation, including policy updates, security gateways control, automated threat response, and remediation to ensure real-time detection of threats & vulnerabilities. This can be achieved by employing AI & ML based solutions.
5. Data Compliance: An organization has to comply with internal data policies & local or state laws governing the collection, storage, & sharing of data. The cloud security solution should allow the usage, storage, management, transmission, & protection of sensitive data while adhering to applicable compliance laws.
6. Context-Aware Security Management: Cloud environment is highly dynamic & changes at a fast pace. The cloud security solution should be capable of collecting, aggregating, & correlating information across the entire cloud environment of the organization & update the security policies such that they are context-aware & consistent across the whole environment.

To know more about cyber security solutions, contact Centex Technologies. You can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.

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Despite deploying security precautions to protect their networks from cyberattacks, numerous firms have experienced network breaches. Nowadays, threat actors use complex and sophisticated tactics to infiltrate a network, the impact of which may not be mitigated by traditional methods. The proactive procedure of checking the network for any hostile activity is referred to as cyber threat hunting.

Cyber threat hunting and cyber threat intelligence

Continuously monitoring the network for suspicious activity and gaps in the organization's ecosystem is required for cyber threat hunting. By analyzing previous data from a variety of sources, cyber threat hunting techniques keep a watch for potential new risks. Threat hunting techniques can discover, identify, and fix security flaws, vulnerabilities, and malicious behavior that normal security measures frequently fail to detect.

How to start hunting threats inside the Cyber or IT infrastructure?

Proactive preparation is the key to success in cyber security operations. It is critical to establish a solid foundation before beginning to develop the cyber threat hunting program.

A business is advised to take the following actions

• Plan a cyber-threat hunting program - To begin cyber threat hunting, map the security process to any existing security model, such as the MITRE ATT&CK architecture. It is also recommended that the security posture be assessed to see how vulnerable the organization is to hazards and attacks.
• Maturing the threat hunting program - After determining the level of cyber maturity, the next step is to decide whether the cyber threat hunting process should be carried out internally, externally, or a combination of both.
• Identifying and addressing gaps in tool and technology implementation -  Analyze the current tools and determine what is required for successful threat hunting and the effectiveness of preventative technology.
• Identifying and addressing security personnel training gaps - Threat detection necessitates the skills of an expert. If the organization lacks experienced internal specialists, it is recommended to use a third-party source.
• Adoption of a cyber-threat hunting strategy - Any firm must have a solid cyber threat hunting strategy which can help in mitigating the impact of cyberattacks on its infrastructure.

What kind of professionals can perform active cyber threat hunting?

Cyber threat hunting calls for knowledge of all the systems and data in use at the firm. This has to be combined with exquisite expertize in threat intelligence analysis, reverse engineering and malware analysis. Threat hunters must also be excellent communicators who can present their results and contribute to the business case for sustained threat hunting resources. It is preferable to put together a team of curious, analytical issue resolvers who have these talents and are motivated to further improve them. The willingness to keep learning is another essential quality of effective cyber threat hunters. Cyber threats are continuously changing, thus threat hunters must be dedicated to keeping their knowledge current by following researchers, participating in online groups, and attending industry forums, which enables them to learn about new strategies.

Advanced next-generation technology and human professionals work in unison to create an effective threat hunting process. To find any potential risks and harmful activity, the threat hunters need investigation tools and other inputs. These tools make it possible for threat hunters to find and examine the risks. For example, XDR (Extended Detection and Response) collects all the signals from the IT ecosystem and EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response) delivers inputs from the endpoint solution. These tools aid in the earlier identification of any possible threats.

Cyber threat hunters should be aware of the automated procedures, alarms, and behavior analyses that have already been run on the data to avoid duplicating work. Threat hunting may go down a lot of rabbit holes, therefore it demands agility. However, there should be a structured framework in place to direct the hunt and allow for any necessary withdrawal from the rabbit holes.

Contact Centex Technologies for more information on cyber threat hunting. You can contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 - 4740, Dallas (972) 375 - 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 - 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.